Leading Effective Small Groups

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From the very beginnings of Officer’s Christian Fellowship (OCF), the small-group Bible study has been the most visible element of the OCF local fellowship. While OCF today encompasses much more than Bible studies, these groups still serve as the backbone of our ministry. This booklet explores the concept of the OCF small group, the role it plays in OCF, the dynamics involved, and how to lead one at your installation.

The Small Group

The Small Group and the OCF Ministry

It is not uncommon to hear a person say, upon arriving at a location where no OCF exists, "I want to start OCF here." Immediately, the person goes to work to establish an OCF Bible study. Organizing and launching a study is certainly a logical place to begin. Soon after that happens, however, it will be important to take a broader look at what constitutes an OCF ministry at the local level, and to determine how the Bible study fits into that overall picture. Let's begin there.

The Bible study is neither a stand-alone event nor an end in itself. It should be seen, rather, as an activity carefully designed to meet the objectives of the national and local fellowship.

The logical starting point for an OCF small group is an understanding of the national purpose and vision of our organization.

Our Purpose:
To glorify God by uniting Christian officers for biblical fellowship and outreach, equipping and encouraging them to minister effectively within the military society.

It is important to understand two other aspects of the OCF ministry. The first aspect deals with those elements of ministry which have historically formed our core values. We refer to these as our "Pillars." There are eight of them. We use the acronym CUE LINES as an aid:

Centering on the Scriptures
Uniting for Fellowship
Engaging in Prayer
Lay-led, Indigenous Ministry
Integrating Faith and Profession
Nurturing the Family
Equipping for Ministry
Supporting the Chaplaincy

The second aspect is to know and appreciate our ministry philosophy.

We are a lay-indigenous ministry within the military society in general with a specific focus on the officer corps. Our model of ministry is defined generally by our Purpose, Vision and Pillars and discovered specifically at each installation or school through the application of the Pray and Obey principle/process.

Together, these four characteristics (Purpose, Vision, Pillars, Philosophy) serve as the guidelines we give to our largely autonomous local fellowships. The activities they associate with OCF should reflect these characteristics.

The first implication we would draw, therefore, relative to OCF small groups, should be obvious. The small group does not exist as an entity unto itself, but as an application of the national and local Pray and Obeys. (For an understanding of the Pray and Obey process, please review our booklet by that name.)

A Biblical Model for Small Groups
Before looking at the specifics of the small group we need to establish a biblical mandate. One passage that is particularly helpful in understanding the nature of the OCF small group is Hebrews 10:22-25 (NASB). On the basis of Christ's finished work on our behalf, the author writes:

"Let us draw near with a sincere heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled clean from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water."

"Let us hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering, for He who promised is faithful. "And let us consider how to stimulate one another to love and good deeds, not forsaking our own assembling together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more, as you see the day drawing near."

The three exhortations to let us
1) draw near to God
2) hold fast our confession of hope and
3) stimulate one another to love and good deeds form a beautiful outline for the nature of OCF small groups.

The first exhortation encompasses worship and prayer and the enjoyment of being in God's presence, the second encompasses our grounding in the Word of God and in our faith, while the third addresses application and action, especially ministry to others.

This seems like an appropriate place to make another point. We have been encouraging a slight shift in thinking over the past few years with regard to the OCF Bible study. We are encouraging leaders to think slightly more broadly about this event by referring to it simply as a "small group."

We still desire this activity to be centered on God's Word (which is one of the core pillars), but the name change gives more flexibility to the local fellowship. While a typical weekly small group will incorporate all three exhortations, there may be times during the year when the activity of the group is centered on only one aspect – prayer, outreach, service or worship.

This may raise a caution flag for some of our longtime members, but it is not at all an attempt to move away from the study of the Bible. In fact, as we will discuss later, we will use this emphasis to also call our local fellowships back to a renewed commitment to study God's Word in a more pure fashion, rather than to study it indirectly through Christian books and videos – which has been a growing trend in recent years.

It is this breadth of function that underlies our decision to move away from referring to our groups as "Bible studies." As mentioned above, the study of and obedience to God's Word must always be central to our assembling together, but there will be times when that obedience will cause us to spend the whole evening, if not an even more extended time, in worship and prayer.

At other times, that obedience will yearn to find expression in active ministry (such as being people resources for a chapel event), some of which can take place in the very time frame allotted for the small group while at other times it will necessitate different/additional times.

With this in mind, let us look at each aspect of the biblical mandate as it pertains to the OCF small group.

The Small Group and Prayer
The Hebrews passage exhorts us first to "draw near to God." This is an amazing thought, that God desires for us to have a warm, loving relationship with Him, not simply a judicial relationship of being found "not guilty." While the idea of a relationship encompasses more than prayer, it certainly includes prayer, and a prayerful attitude and spirit. There are three types of prayer that are important to a small group.

The first is the "drawing-near prayer." This can extend over a short period of time, even a few minutes, to a more extended time frame. For a weekly Bible study, this is the "pause" from the busyness of the day to invite God to meet with you as you look into His Word. It, even briefly, encompasses those elements which make us teachable – acknowledging God, confessing sin, and laying aside our cares and agendas.

It may include singing. It is relational, rather than the asking and praying for specific personal requests. When a whole evening is given to prayer, this will likely be more extended, and will include, either by song or Scripture, the broader elements of worship. Plan carefully to include the "drawing-near" aspect of the small group during your weekly times of Bible study.

A receptive heart is necessary if one is to learn and apply the truths of God's Word. Remember, God desires this as much, if not more, for the relationship as for the discipline and knowledge that it brings. He enjoys our company. Do we enjoy His?

The second type of prayer is the "application prayer." This is appropriate as the concluding element of the actual Bible study. Rather than abruptly ending the study and shifting gears to prayer requests, this involves talking with God about what was just learned from His Word and personalizing it into one’s individual life.

It will also let those in the group know how to continue to pray for others throughout the week in the spiritual dimension of their lives.

The third type of prayer needs little introduction or explanation. It is the most common type of praying done by people in small groups. It could be called the "personal-needs prayer." Usually, but not necessarily, this involves taking prayer requests for health, friends, activities of the week, and then praying for them.

Sometimes, for the sake of time efficiency, there is little discussion of the prayer requests – simply a listing of them, followed immediately by a time of prayer. At other times, more discussion (although problem solving should be minimized) is desired. In these cases, some have chosen to serve the refreshments while they share prayer requests, and then wrap up the evening with a short time of prayer.

The needs of the members of the group with regard to time commitments will often dictate the format.

Be open to occasionally use your small group meeting for an extended season of prayer. This could be what used to be called "a half-night of prayer," or in more recent times is referred to as a "concert of prayer" – three to perhaps four hours of prayer. If you want to allow more time, an entire day may be given to prayer. In OCF, this is called, "Sound the Trumpet" (for a fuller treatment of "Sound the Trumpet" you may request a collection of articles and guidelines from the OCF Home Office).

The format can be as varied as the person leading the prayer event, but usually follows something close to an ACTS format – Adoration, Confession, Thanksgiving, Supplication. The format can be free flowing, that is, times of singing, Scripture reading and prayer (both individual and public/corporate) interspersed throughout.

Fasting, for those who so desire, can be accomplished by individuals in any of the formats if it is helpful in focusing one's attention. In the longer seasons of prayer, breaks can either be scheduled, or individuals may simply take breaks whenever necessary.

The Small Group and Bible Study
The passage in Hebrews 10 exhorts us to "hold fast the confession of our hope...". While we may be accustomed to defining the essence of our Christian faith in other ways, Christianity involves not only a relationship with God through Jesus Christ, but also an entirely different outlook on life which is grounded in the hope we have for all that God has promised.

That outlook on life is so contrary to the world that believers need to give careful attention to ensure that their anchor is well grounded. The currents working in our society, and the winds of worldly thinking, can get pretty strong at times.

To secure that "anchor," God has provided the Church in all its various expressions, of which the local OCF fellowship is one. In the Church, He intends His followers to meet together for fellowship and encouragement, centered around the truth and promises of His Word.

Historically, OCF has encouraged the leading of a Bible study from "scratch" rather than simply studying a Christian book or being taught by a video. A study of God's Word itself is always more profitable than the study of another book, video or other tape about God's Word.

As in most secular studies, the closer one gets to the original source, the more accurate and authentic the work is perceived. This is the case in Bible study. Use Christian books and videos as exceptions and variations rather than the regular weekly diet.

The Small Group and Ministry
The third exhortation in the passage from Hebrews 10 has to do with ministry – "stir up one another to love and good deeds."Another function of a small group is to serve as people resources for ministry. This should happen individually.

It may also happen collectively as a group. You can think of it as burning those spiritual calories gained by feasting on the riches of God's Word. God never intended us to get fat on His Word, rather, to receive the spiritual nourishment necessary to go out and serve Him. Often a small group of believers will realize a synergy whereby the total effect is much greater than the sum of the individual parts.

What a great opportunity to discuss group ministry possibilities with the Chaplain and prayerfully select a "ministry project" which the OCF small group can own. Just as in the raising of our children, unity of heart and spirit occurs not only in the "fun" activities of life but in the "work" activities as well. In group settings such as these, the work becomes fun!

The Small Group and Relationships
The presence of the term and concept of "one another(ing)" in the Hebrews passage clearly suggests the relational aspect of these small groups, not simply a stimulation of the cognitive side of our being. Most everyone who has ever participated in small groups can bear testimony to a particular small group which was their favorite.

Usually, they state that there was a "chemistry" that made that one group special. While that "chemistry" can neither by captured and marketed nor reduced to a formula, it seems likely that those groups incorporated many if not all of the elements listed above. In addition, there was likely an element of healthy, meaningful relationships.

In his book entitled, Margins (NAVPRESS), Richard Swenson explains "margin" essentially as the space between where we are operating and our limits. He makes a strong case that we need margin in four areas of our lives: time, finances, physical energy and emotional energy. This latter area – emotional margin – is one of the most difficult to restore.

In the practical tips he offers for each area, one of the most significant ways to restore emotional energy is through healthy relationships. Where better to see this happen than in a Christian small group. Many OCF folks can testify to this truth. On "Bible study night" emotionally weary officers often come home from duty with the thought of skipping the study. But on those nights when the officers decide to go rather than stay home something interesting usually happens.

Even though they add another activity to their day, they end it more refreshed. Healthy, small-group relationships – and small groups designed to foster healthy relationships – restore emotional energy. It is a fact!

Relationships are important for another reason. Larry Crabb, the Christian author and psychologist, in responding to a question asking what it was that produced change in people's lives, stated: "Truth presented in the context of relationships changes lives." If one goal of small group Bible study is to change lives by bringing them into conformity with God's Word, then Crabb's comment should be instructive for us.

It says that the simple imparting of knowledge usually doesn't bring about change. However, when the relational element is added - in the form of friendship, caring for one another, accountability, etc. - change is much more like to occur. This means that the leader of a small group must give attention to relational aspects during the time together.

This can be accomplished through "sharing times," and even social times. This may be facilitated with an activity of five to ten minutes in the study. Occasionally, the entire evening may be set aside for cultivating these relationships. Prayerful, conscious attention to this aspect will produce significant dividends.

Preparing to Lead

The leader should routinely incorporate into a small group the elements of worship, corporate group prayer, and building relationships. However, the core element of the OCF small group is the study of the Bible. Whether the format includes a recognized teacher, a classic Bible study or a devotional, the desire is for God's Word to be central to the gathering.

Historically, the OCF Bible study has been defined as an inductive Bible study. Most have understood this as a "discover for yourself" format where the leader, through the use of appropriate questions, guides the group to explore and discover the meaning of the passage under consideration. The leader is expected to come prepared through prior, personal study, while the others may or may not have come so prepared.

With this concept in mind, our discussion separates itself into two parts:
 
1) Preparation for the Bible study, and 2) Preparing to lead the small group.

Personal Bible Study Preparation
Small groups and Bible study may take place in a variety of settings, from foxholes to comfortable homes. Only one book is essential to the study...the Bible.

However, as we develop the skills needed to lead a successful study we will recommend the use of other references. These are nice to have, but should never be considered essential, and that fact must be remembered as we proceed.

The most important step in preparing to lead a Bible study is simply to read the passage under consideration. Read it several times, and, if you have them available, in different translations. Read the passage as soon as possible after you know you will be leading the study. This both helps you understand the passage and puts it in your mind so that the Holy Spirit can be working with you even when you are not able to study it in the formal sense of the word.

Do not rush to consult a commentary right away. While the passage most likely means one thing, there are several ways to consider the passage. A commentary will often lead you in one particular direction while the situation in which you find yourself or the group may cause you to approach the passage differently.

The next step is to understand the setting in which the passage was written. Usually the passage or the particular book of the Bible will give you some clues. Often you will need to read the chapters before or after the passage under consideration to pick up the setting.

If you have a Study Bible, there may be some short notes preceding the text which will help you with the setting. Who was the author? To whom was the passage directed? Were there certain situations which prompted the writing? If chronology seems important, try to understand where the events of this passage fit in. What was the spiritual climate at the time, for the recipients as well as society at large? Thinking through the setting will help keep you from reading back into the passage thoughts and attitudes from the present time which might be inappropriate.

As you proceed with your study, resist the temptation at this point to ask, "What is this saying to me?" There will be adequate time to make application after you first understand the passage.

The remainder of the personal study process can be thought of in terms of three basic questions you will be asking. First, ask yourself, "What does the passage say?" then, "What does it mean?" and finally, "What does it mean to me?" Under each of these question headings, you will likely employ other questions of a similar nature.

In considering what a passage says, you are playing the role of an observer. The first thing you might try to observe is the main theme. Seek to find that theme so that you do not get so bogged down in details that you miss it. You might fine tune or modify your perception of the main theme later as you study the passage in more detail, but for starting it is sufficient.

Next, begin noticing the details – repetition of words or phrases, synonyms or word /idea clusters, or unusual words. If the passage suggests action, you might note the verbs; if the passage is descriptive, nouns and adjectives will be worth noting. If the passage seems to be developing a thought, pay special attention to small connecting words such as "and," "but," "because," "therefore," "if...then," "since...therefore," and "so that."

Each of these is used for a purpose and will be helpful in your understanding of the passage. You might even find a natural outline of the passage (as we did in Hebrews 10:22-25).

In this observation phase, simply make yourself a note of the things you do not understand and return to find the meaning at the appropriate time. As you practice this discipline, you will find yourself noting more and more details. Some will not prove to be particularly helpful; others will cause a light to go on.

As you move to the next phase – considering what the passage means – you will play the role of interpreter. If there are meanings of words that are unclear, look them up. Perhaps there are even words that you are comfortable using in everyday conversation but would be hard pressed to define. Look these up as well. A good English language dictionary is extremely useful.

For words that seem to have a theological meaning, try to understand them in that context. At this point, it is helpful if you have some Bible reference works available to you. (A Bible dictionary is a very useful tool. It really corresponds to what we normally think of as an encyclopedia. It gives more than a definition, usually developing the thought historically or relating it to other doctrines.)

In this interpretive stage, you will also want to play the role of a detective. Ask some questions that look for consistencies or seeming inconsistencies. Here, the entire Bible can serve as a context. If you detect a different thought or perspective, make sure you can reconcile it with other passages that come to mind.

Perhaps you will see an attribute of God that you will want to harmonize with others. It is here that you will want to find shades of meaning that distinguish one word from another. You may not find all the answers in the time you have to prepare. You may find that others in the group will be able to give some insight as a result of previous study they have done. Relax! By agreeing to lead a study, you are not claiming to understand everything. We are all learning more and more as we grow in maturity.

As you conclude this phase, ask yourself what you have learned and how you would put it all together. Try to put into your own words what the passage is saying.

Now is the appropriate time to ask the last question, "What does it mean to me?" In this phase, you are playing the role of a servant who is trying to please his master through obedience.

You are seeking to be obedient to what you learned. If an application does not jump out at you, try to discover an application through the use of the following questions: (Note the acronym - SPACE A - to help remember the questions.)

Is there a sin to avoid?
Is there a promise to claim?
Is there an attitude to change?
Is there a command to obey?
Is there an example to follow?
Is there an attribute of God for praise?

Prayerfully consider these questions in your personal "application praying" and try to be specific with regard to an application. Using whatever memory device you need to incorporate, stick with this application (and perhaps associate it with the passage being studied) until it is a regular part of your life.

In Ezra 7:10 (NASB), we read: "For Ezra had set his heart to study the law of the Lord, and to practice it, and to teach His statutes and ordinances in Israel."

Having studied God's Word and having made application to your own life, you are now almost ready to guide your group in discovering these truths for themselves. There is one more element of preparation needed. You need to formulate discussion questions prior to the meeting. We suggest some of those in the next section on the actual leading of the group, and they should be considered ahead of time.

Finally, before you lead, pray!

Preparing to Lead the Bible Study
As mentioned earlier, the type of Bible study that OCF seeks to encourage is one where people approach God's Word, and discover for themselves the truths contained in it. Researchers continually point out that people retain truth and information which they discovered themselves at a much higher rate than if they had simply been told that same truth or information. Therefore, the leader needs to see himself or herself as a facilitator, not as a lecturer.

The crucial question the leader needs to consider in the shift from personal study to leading the group is this: "Of the things learned, what should be told to the people and what should they discover for themselves?" As Bible study leader for the week, take the time to formulate questions which result in self discovery.

Consider telling the group only those facts which, in your study and with the use of reference books, they could not be expected to uncover simply with their Bibles, such as background information, or a specific meaning you uncovered in a dictionary which you want to use as a springboard for the discussion. It might even include a statement regarding the approach you will be taking, perhaps stating the main point of the passage and the truth you are extracting (if the purpose of the study is to understand the rationale behind the truth).

Your series of group discussion questions should follow the same pattern you used in your personal study: observation; interpretation; application. As you ask the observation questions, direct the people to first give responses right from the text, using the very words of the text.

These questions should be relatively easy to answer and will serve the purpose of getting people to engage in the self discovery process – that is, to talk. Questions/calls for responses in this category might look like this: Who are the people involved in the story?
What are the action verbs in verses 4-7?
Put the story into your own words.
What attributes of God are mentioned here?
What is the definition of faith given in verse 1?

After you have had the group discover all the pertinent points, move on to the second set of questions, those designed to understand the meaning of the things observed. Questions you use might sound like this:

What did Jesus mean when he said, "You must be born again?"
Why was it significant for the writer to use the word, ______?"
What is the difference between mercy and grace?
What is the connection between faith and hope?
How do you reconcile a God of wrath and a God of love?

When you ask questions, avoid asking those which can be answered with a "yes" or "no." Those questions usually don’t generate discussion. As you logically develop your thought, you might find yourself going back and forth between observation and interpretive questions. That is perfectly acceptable if it fits the progression you desire.

You may also have to field interpretive and application responses and hold them for later if you are not finished with the observation responses. It is not uncommon for people to try to jump ahead of you. When they lead you at just the right pace to affect a good transition, use the response to your benefit. If it is premature, you have the right as the leader to not let them move ahead too fast.

One potential problem of a self-discovery-type Bible study is that people may make wrong statements, and the study may turn into a "share your ignorance" study. As the leader, you are in the position to prevent this through your personal study. You can also nicely challenge a wrong response by asking the responder to point out the portion of the text that prompted the response.

You can also ask others to give their understanding of that portion. Where there is room for differing thoughts, allow for it; when the response is obviously wrong, you as the leader will need to ensure that the correct response is achieved before moving forward. But you as the leader do not always need to give the correct response.

When the correct response to an obvious observation question is given, you will likely move on. When you are into interpretive questions and responses, don't simply move on when you get the desired response. Allow others to comment. This will usually result in a more complete answer as others join in the satisfaction of discovery and build upon the response.

As mentioned earlier, work your way through the passage alternating between observation and interpretive questions as necessary. You will likely have some of those questions written out ahead of time. This allows you to listen to the responses without worrying about formulating your next question. You should, however, learn to ask additional questions based upon what you hear. These may be questions which simply clarify the response.

At other times you will hear a good thought and want to explore it. As long as this is helpful to understanding the passage, feel free to pursue those areas. If they look like they will distract you from the direction you are leading the group, don't chase those "bunny trails." Remember, you are the leader-facilitator and are expected to properly direct the group.

In the interpretive and application portions of the study, be aware of the flow of questions and responses. If a pattern is being established where there is one response to every question and all responses are being directed back to the leader, seek to get out of that pattern. Ask others to respond to a response; ask them whether they agree; ask them to clarify a term or its usage. With just a little bit of practice, this will become easy to do and eventually cause the group to do this naturally.

As you conclude this section, have a summary question ready. It may sound like this: What, then, is the main point of this passage?
Would someone summarize this passage for us?
Let's take a moment and each of us formulate a statement of truth derived from our discussions tonight.

The final phase of leading the study is to draw people to a place of application. You can do this by simply asking the basic question, "What are we going to take away from this passage and apply to our lives?" Or, you may want to direct the application in a certain way based upon some of the summary statements that were made.

If the study went well in the interpretive phase(s) and truth was discovered, most of the applications will be proper. The one area you may need to press a little is if the applications are not direct enough. Often, people will state implications instead of applications. Implications will involve statements like "we should..." instead of "I will ...." If you hear those kinds of responses, press a little deeper to see if the people are willing to make direct, personal application. Be ready to model it yourself.

SOME FINAL THOUGHTS
Leading small groups is an art, not a science. The old adage, "practice makes perfect," is only partially true. Even after much practice, the study will rarely ever be "perfect" and usually will not go as planned. But, as a leader gains more experience, better group results will follow.

Remember, God’s Word is good seed. The leader’s responsibility is to handle the Word of God properly (2 Tim. 2:15), and to help make the study of it a positive experience. It is the Holy Spirit’s responsibility to take that seed, planted in a person’s mind, and cause it to grow so that it will bear much fruit and bring each individual into conformity with God’s Son, Jesus of Nazareth, with whom He is very pleased.

As a small group leader, commit yourself to become a modern day Ezra. Set your heart to study the Bible and obediently apply its teachings to your life. Then, with skill, humility, and compassion, you will lead others to biblical truths.

It truly is a rewarding experience.

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